Lofty Code

Everyone is talking about the promise of cloud computing, but when it comes to implementation, some of the early adopters have simply deployed cloud services by copying older methods used in conventional environments. In fact, the cloud can do much more for you. Running sites on EC2 is easy, but really making use of the scalability and flexibility of cloud computing requires a new approach (Figure 1). In this article, I describe some techniques for building the benefits of cloud computing into your infrastructure. Although I use examples based on the Ruby language and Amazon's EC2 cloud environment, these concepts also apply to other languages and cloud vendors.

Keep It Static

In the cloud, you don't need everything to go through your server (even if it is virtual). You don't need a virtual server for serving files, managing queues, and storing shared data. Dedicated services can perform these tasks, and using them will help you get your applications working better in the cloud.

Online Storage

In this first example, you use an online storage service to host your static files. Because it takes an unnecessary load off of your web servers, online storage is good practice for any site operating within the cloud paradigm. In the case of the Amazon environment, the S3 service (Simple Storage Service) will play host to your static files.

Let's suppose you have a simple Ruby application, such as a blog or wiki. When your users upload a file, it is usually stored on the filesystem; instead, you could push the file to S3 directly.

To do this in Ruby, start by installing the library:

sudo gem install aws-s3

Then create a simple script like the one shown in Listing 1.

01 require 'rubygems'
02 require 'aws/s3'
03 AWS::S3::Base.establish_connection!(
04   :access_key_id     => 'your access key id',
05   :secret_access_key => 'your secret access key'
06 )

Pushing a file to S3 and making it public takes just one line:

AWS::S3::S3Object.store(
 'example.jpg',
 open('example.jpg'),
 'my-public-bucket',
 :access => :public_read
)

Of course, the URL will be different, so you must change the link in the blog post. The preceding example creates the URL:

http://s3.amazonaws.com/my-public-bucket/example.jpg

Pushing all your static files to S3 is relatively simple – you can think of S3 as a huge static file server. More interesting is SQS, which really takes you into solving problems in a scalable way.

SQS

SQS is a queue server, which hosts a queue of data that applications can add to and remove from. This apparently trivial task makes scaling big tasks easy. Instead of needing to run all your tasks in one place and keeping everything coordinated, you can push a list of tasks onto the queue, fire up a dozen servers, and watch them work through the queue.

For example, imagine that you need to prepare a large number of personalized recommendations for customers. In a normal LAMP environment, you would need to work through a list of user records, create a set of recommendations, and store the information in a second database table. With SQS, you can split the process. In other words, you can "decouple" the process by pushing the information onto the queue in the first script and then processing the data in the queue in the second script.

Working in Rails, you can install the SQS bindings for Ruby and push a model onto the queue using the to_xml method:

q = SQS.get_queue "work-out-some-recommendations"
q.send_message myobject.to_xml

This code means that an XML entry in the work-out-some-recommendations queue will look something like the following:

<myobject>
  <user>Mr. Smith</user>
  <favorite_products>
   <product>2412</product>
   <product>9374</product>
   <product>1029</product>
  </favorite_products>
 </myobject>

Next, you need to get this XML entry out of the queue and do something with it:

q = SQS.get_queue "work-out-some-recommendations"
queue_item = q.receive_message
work_object = MyObject.new()
work_object.from_xml queue_item.body

Work_object is just the same as myobject was above, but with an important difference: You don't need to connect to the original database, so you won't have any issues with the number of connections and the speed of the database server.

You're free to use the XML to build a message, which you can then push to S3 for later use by any other part of the application (Listing 2). Notice that this message isn't public. Because you are only going to use them internally, there is no need to expose these snippets.

01 welcome_message = "Welcome, " + work_object.username + " - here is a special message we worked out for you."
02 welcome_id = "Welcome-" + work_object.username
03 AWS::S3::S3Object.store(
04 welcome_id,
05 welcome_message,
06 'weclome-messages'
07 )

When building your web pages, you can save a few CPU cycles by pulling the welcome message from S3 rather than connecting to any other server:

cached_snippet = AWS::S3::S3Object.find 'Welcome-dan@example.com', 'welcome-messages'

All I have really done here is caching. Using SQS and S3 provides a completely scalable way of caching that doesn't affect the performance of your site at all.