Smartphones are getting more and more powerful. Is it time to start thinking of a smartphone as something more like a tablet or a real computer? Is it possible to set up an Android phone with a full version of Linux – connected to a monitor, keyboard, and mouse?

Android OS is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel. In theory, a hardware-compatible Linux should be able to run on systems that Android OS runs on, but the Android developers at Google have added lots of proprietary drivers and bits. Additionally, the complexity of the communication hardware means that Android has drifted quite a distance from what we think of as a conventional Linux. Still, the power of the GPL means that Android OS is available to the community in source code form [1], and of course, developers all over the world are always tinkering with Linux to make it do useful things. A number of independent distros have evolved to provide mobile alternatives based on both the Linux kernel and the Android kernel (see the box entitled "Linux on Android Distros").

A full install of a mobile-based Linux on your smartphone provides a complete escape from Google's walled garden and offers access to the wide range of applications provided with Linux. But it also comes with some risks. You'll need to root your phone to replace the factory-installed OS, which will almost certainly void the warranty. If anything goes wrong, you might not be able to restore the original system.

This article describes a less radical alternative for running Linux on your Android. UserLAnd is a compatibility layer for Android OS that lets you run selected Linux distros on Android – all without rooting you phone. Of course, you are not really replacing Android, so if that is your goal, one of the alternative Linux mobile systems would be a better choice. But if you're looking for the Linux desktop, UserLAnd delivers it with minimal disruption. I'll show you what worked and what didn't – and I'll explore how the performance of a UserLAnd Linux smartphone compares to an average home computer.

A note on the hardware used in this study: My smartphone is powered by a 2018 Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 with 8 cores and 4GB RAM, including an Adreno 630 GPU. I also tested my daughter's phone, with the successor Snapdragon 855 and 6GB RAM plus an Adreno 640 GPU.

Monitor

If you want to embark on the adventure of converting your smartphone into a PC, the first step is to equip it with the necessary components. First comes the monitor. An Android smartphone with a USB-C port can output the screen image on a monitor or TV. However, not all recent Androids support this option; some – by Sony, for example – fail to identify the adapter.

But that does not mean you have to give up. If you don't have a working port, you can always fall back on wireless screen sharing with Google Cast or another similar tool. I have also had some good experiences screensharing (also known as screen mirroring) with Miracast on LG and Sony devices. Miracast is a Wi-Fi Alliance standard that connects two devices wirelessly via Wi-Fi Direct and was integrated into Android versions from 4.2 and up to 6.0. Google's Chromecast took the place of Miracast in later Android versions.

Mouse and Keyboard

You can easily connect a mouse or keyboard via Bluetooth or with a suitable adapter. I use a combined USB-C Type-C-to-HDMI-HDTV adapter, which offers one HDMI, one USB-C, and one USB-A 3.0 port. Because the adapter gets very warm, I added a passive heat sink which was available from another project.

I plugged a small dual distributor into the USB-A port, which also has space for a microSD card. I had to make the distributor narrower on the side to make room for the wide HDMI connector. A small extension or a differently designed distributor would also solve the problem if necessary. There are also adapters that offer four independent USB-A ports.

Software

Android 10 comes with a new desktop mode that it enables when an HDMI adapter is connected. Depending on the manufacturer, this feature works more (Samsung, Huawei) or less (LG) well. You can also disable desktop mode in favor of simple screen mirroring. No matter what you decide on, the LG smartphones always output Full HD at 60Hz. Many Android apps still have to be adapted to this new desktop mode (wide format).

In order to run conventional Linux applications on Android, you need to emulate a Linux runtime environment on the smartphone. Luckily, the Linux community has a solution: the UserLAnd project, which is hosted on GitHub [2]. The software is also available on F-Droid and in the Google Play Store, or you could also compile it yourself – more on that later. Rooting is not required, and you do not need Google services.

The display of the smartphone's screen content is handled by a VNC viewer, which also runs on the smartphone and then sends the image to the external monitor (Figure 1). Various viewers are available for this; I can recommend bVNC Free and RealVNC. The VNC session runs in the smartphone on the localhost address 127.0.0.1:5951.

Figure 1: The smartphone is ready for use in next to no time.

To completely fill the image area of the external monitor, you might have to set the format to 16:9. RealVNC v3.6.1 cannot cope with the Android 10 desktop mode at all, and bVNC always outputs an overly bright image; however, bVNC offers a well-scaled mouse pointer, at least in desktop mode. If the desktop is not completely visible or you want to enlarge a part of it, you can adjust with a two-finger gesture on the smartphone.